3 - Archivos y carpetas básicas de un proyecto en Angular
Vimos en el concepto anterior que para crear un proyecto en Angular utilizamos la herramienta Angular CLI y desde la línea de comandos escribimos:
ng new proyecto001
No haremos por el momento un estudio exhaustivo de todos los archivos y carpetas que se crean (más 24.800 archivos y 3400 carpetas en la versión de Angular 17.x), sino de aquellas que se requieren modificar según el concepto que estemos estudiando.
En Angular la pieza fundamental es la 'COMPONENTE'. Debemos pensar siempre que una aplicación se construye a base de un conjunto de componentes (por ejemplo pueden ser componentes: un menú, lista de usuarios, login, tabla de datos, calendario, formulario de búsqueda etc.)
Angular CLI nos crea una única componente llamada 'AppComponent' que se distribuye en 4 archivos:
app.component.ts app.component.html app.component.css app.component.spec.ts
Todos estos archivos se localizan en la carpeta 'app' y esta carpeta se encuentra dentro de la carpeta 'src':
En Angular se programa utilizando el lenguaje TypeScript que vamos a ir aprendiéndolo a lo largo del curso. El archivo donde se declara la clase AppComponent es 'app.component.ts':
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { RouterOutlet } from '@angular/router';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule, RouterOutlet],
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent {
title = 'proyecto001';
}
La Clase AppComponent define un atributo llamado 'title' y lo inicializa con el string 'proyecto001' que coincide con el nombre del proyecto que creamos:
title = 'proyecto001';
Dijimos anteriormente que la clase completa se distribuye en otros archivos y podemos ver que mediante la función decoradora @Component le indicamos los otros archivos que pertenecen a esta componente:
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule, RouterOutlet],
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
El archivo 'app.component.html' tiene la parte visual de nuestra componente 'AppComponent' y está constituido mayormente por código HTML (cada vez que realicemos un proyecto a este código lo borraremos para resolver nuestro problema):
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * The content below * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * is only a placeholder * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * and can be replaced. * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * Delete the template below * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * to get started with your project! * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<style>
:host {
--bright-blue: oklch(51.01% 0.274 263.83);
--electric-violet: oklch(53.18% 0.28 296.97);
--french-violet: oklch(47.66% 0.246 305.88);
--vivid-pink: oklch(69.02% 0.277 332.77);
--hot-red: oklch(61.42% 0.238 15.34);
--orange-red: oklch(63.32% 0.24 31.68);
--gray-900: oklch(19.37% 0.006 300.98);
--gray-700: oklch(36.98% 0.014 302.71);
--gray-400: oklch(70.9% 0.015 304.04);
--red-to-pink-to-purple-vertical-gradient: linear-gradient(
180deg,
var(--orange-red) 0%,
var(--vivid-pink) 50%,
var(--electric-violet) 100%
);
--red-to-pink-to-purple-horizontal-gradient: linear-gradient(
90deg,
var(--orange-red) 0%,
var(--vivid-pink) 50%,
var(--electric-violet) 100%
);
--pill-accent: var(--bright-blue);
font-family: "Inter", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto,
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji",
"Segoe UI Symbol";
box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}
h1 {
font-size: 3.125rem;
color: var(--gray-900);
font-weight: 500;
line-height: 100%;
letter-spacing: -0.125rem;
margin: 0;
font-family: "Inter Tight", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto,
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji",
"Segoe UI Symbol";
}
p {
margin: 0;
color: var(--gray-700);
}
main {
width: 100%;
min-height: 100%;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
padding: 1rem;
box-sizing: inherit;
position: relative;
}
.angular-logo {
max-width: 9.2rem;
}
.content {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-around;
width: 100%;
max-width: 700px;
margin-bottom: 3rem;
}
.content h1 {
margin-top: 1.75rem;
}
.content p {
margin-top: 1.5rem;
}
.divider {
width: 1px;
background: var(--red-to-pink-to-purple-vertical-gradient);
margin-inline: 0.5rem;
}
.pill-group {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: start;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 1.25rem;
}
.pill {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
--pill-accent: var(--bright-blue);
background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--pill-accent) 5%, transparent);
color: var(--pill-accent);
padding-inline: 0.75rem;
padding-block: 0.375rem;
border-radius: 2.75rem;
border: 0;
transition: background 0.3s ease;
font-family: var(--inter-font);
font-size: 0.875rem;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
line-height: 1.4rem;
letter-spacing: -0.00875rem;
text-decoration: none;
}
.pill:hover {
background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--pill-accent) 15%, transparent);
}
.pill-group .pill:nth-child(6n + 1) {
--pill-accent: var(--bright-blue);
}
.pill-group .pill:nth-child(6n + 2) {
--pill-accent: var(--french-violet);
}
.pill-group .pill:nth-child(6n + 3),
.pill-group .pill:nth-child(6n + 4),
.pill-group .pill:nth-child(6n + 5) {
--pill-accent: var(--hot-red);
}
.pill-group svg {
margin-inline-start: 0.25rem;
}
.social-links {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 0.73rem;
margin-top: 1.5rem;
}
.social-links path {
transition: fill 0.3s ease;
fill: var(--gray-400);
}
.social-links a:hover svg path {
fill: var(--gray-900);
}
@media screen and (max-width: 650px) {
.content {
flex-direction: column;
width: max-content;
}
.divider {
height: 1px;
width: 100%;
background: var(--red-to-pink-to-purple-horizontal-gradient);
margin-block: 1.5rem;
}
}
</style>
<main class="main">
<div class="content">
<div class="left-side">
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
viewBox="0 0 982 239"
fill="none"
class="angular-logo"
>
<g clip-path="url(#a)">
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fill="url(#b)"
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/>
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fill="url(#c)"
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/>
</g>
<defs>
<radialGradient
id="c"
cx="0"
cy="0"
r="1"
gradientTransform="rotate(118.122 171.182 60.81) scale(205.794)"
gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
>
<stop stop-color="#FF41F8" />
<stop offset=".707" stop-color="#FF41F8" stop-opacity=".5" />
<stop offset="1" stop-color="#FF41F8" stop-opacity="0" />
</radialGradient>
<linearGradient
id="b"
x1="0"
x2="982"
y1="192"
y2="192"
gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
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<stop stop-color="#F0060B" />
<stop offset="0" stop-color="#F0070C" />
<stop offset=".526" stop-color="#CC26D5" />
<stop offset="1" stop-color="#7702FF" />
</linearGradient>
<clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h982v239H0z" /></clipPath>
</defs>
</svg>
<h1>Hello, {{ title }}</h1>
<p>Congratulations! Your app is running. ????</p>
</div>
<div class="divider" role="separator" aria-label="Divider"></div>
<div class="right-side">
<div class="pill-group">
@for (item of [
{ title: 'Explore the Docs', link: 'https://angular.dev' },
{ title: 'Learn with Tutorials', link: 'https://angular.dev/tutorials' },
{ title: 'CLI Docs', link: 'https://angular.dev/tools/cli' },
{ title: 'Angular Language Service', link: 'https://angular.dev/tools/language-service' },
{ title: 'Angular DevTools', link: 'https://angular.dev/tools/devtools' },
]; track item.title) {
<a
class="pill"
href="{{ item.link }}"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<span>{{ item.title }}</span>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="14"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
width="14"
fill="currentColor"
>
<path
d="M200-120q-33 0-56.5-23.5T120-200v-560q0-33 23.5-56.5T200-840h280v80H200v560h560v-280h80v280q0 33-23.5 56.5T760-120H200Zm188-212-56-56 372-372H560v-80h280v280h-80v-144L388-332Z"
/>
</svg>
</a>
}
</div>
<div class="social-links">
<a
href="https://github.com/angular/angular"
aria-label="Github"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
width="25"
height="24"
viewBox="0 0 25 24"
fill="none"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
alt="Github"
>
<path
d="M12.3047 0C5.50634 0 0 5.50942 0 12.3047C0 17.7423 3.52529 22.3535 8.41332 23.9787C9.02856 24.0946 9.25414 23.7142 9.25414 23.3871C9.25414 23.0949 9.24389 22.3207 9.23876 21.2953C5.81601 22.0377 5.09414 19.6444 5.09414 19.6444C4.53427 18.2243 3.72524 17.8449 3.72524 17.8449C2.61064 17.082 3.81137 17.0973 3.81137 17.0973C5.04697 17.1835 5.69604 18.3647 5.69604 18.3647C6.79321 20.2463 8.57636 19.7029 9.27978 19.3881C9.39052 18.5924 9.70736 18.0499 10.0591 17.7423C7.32641 17.4347 4.45429 16.3765 4.45429 11.6618C4.45429 10.3185 4.9311 9.22133 5.72065 8.36C5.58222 8.04931 5.16694 6.79833 5.82831 5.10337C5.82831 5.10337 6.85883 4.77319 9.2121 6.36459C10.1965 6.09082 11.2424 5.95546 12.2883 5.94931C13.3342 5.95546 14.3801 6.09082 15.3644 6.36459C17.7023 4.77319 18.7328 5.10337 18.7328 5.10337C19.3942 6.79833 18.9789 8.04931 18.8559 8.36C19.6403 9.22133 20.1171 10.3185 20.1171 11.6618C20.1171 16.3888 17.2409 17.4296 14.5031 17.7321C14.9338 18.1012 15.3337 18.8559 15.3337 20.0084C15.3337 21.6552 15.3183 22.978 15.3183 23.3779C15.3183 23.7009 15.5336 24.0854 16.1642 23.9623C21.0871 22.3484 24.6094 17.7341 24.6094 12.3047C24.6094 5.50942 19.0999 0 12.3047 0Z"
/>
</svg>
</a>
<a
href="https://twitter.com/angular"
aria-label="Twitter"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
width="25"
height="20"
viewBox="0 0 25 20"
fill="none"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
alt="Twitter"
>
<path
d="M8.04524 20C17.3335 20 22.4138 12.3047 22.4138 5.63144C22.4138 5.41287 22.4138 5.19529 22.399 4.97869C23.3874 4.26381 24.2405 3.37867 24.9185 2.3647C23.9969 2.77329 23.0192 3.04112 22.018 3.15923C23.0723 2.52818 23.8613 1.53552 24.2382 0.366057C23.2469 0.954335 22.1624 1.36889 21.0315 1.59182C20.2701 0.782212 19.2631 0.246107 18.1663 0.0664704C17.0695 -0.113166 15.9441 0.0736804 14.9642 0.598096C13.9843 1.12251 13.2046 1.95526 12.7457 2.96748C12.2868 3.9797 12.1742 5.11495 12.4255 6.19756C10.4178 6.09685 8.45366 5.57507 6.66064 4.66609C4.86763 3.75712 3.28579 2.48127 2.01781 0.921344C1.37203 2.03306 1.17424 3.34911 1.46472 4.60154C1.75519 5.85397 2.51208 6.9486 3.58128 7.66257C2.77759 7.63903 1.9914 7.42221 1.28924 7.03049V7.09449C1.28956 8.26041 1.69316 9.39034 2.4316 10.2926C3.17003 11.1949 4.19783 11.8139 5.34067 12.0448C4.59721 12.2476 3.81715 12.2772 3.06045 12.1315C3.38327 13.1348 4.01156 14.0122 4.85746 14.641C5.70337 15.2698 6.72461 15.6185 7.77842 15.6384C6.73139 16.4614 5.53237 17.0699 4.24995 17.4291C2.96753 17.7882 1.62687 17.891 0.304688 17.7316C2.61411 19.2136 5.30121 19.9997 8.04524 19.9961"
/>
</svg>
</a>
<a
href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbn1OgGei-DV7aSRo_HaAiw"
aria-label="Youtube"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
>
<svg
width="29"
height="20"
viewBox="0 0 29 20"
fill="none"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
alt="Youtube"
>
<path
fill-rule="evenodd"
clip-rule="evenodd"
d="M27.4896 1.52422C27.9301 1.96749 28.2463 2.51866 28.4068 3.12258C29.0004 5.35161 29.0004 10 29.0004 10C29.0004 10 29.0004 14.6484 28.4068 16.8774C28.2463 17.4813 27.9301 18.0325 27.4896 18.4758C27.0492 18.9191 26.5 19.2389 25.8972 19.4032C23.6778 20 14.8068 20 14.8068 20C14.8068 20 5.93586 20 3.71651 19.4032C3.11363 19.2389 2.56449 18.9191 2.12405 18.4758C1.68361 18.0325 1.36732 17.4813 1.20683 16.8774C0.613281 14.6484 0.613281 10 0.613281 10C0.613281 10 0.613281 5.35161 1.20683 3.12258C1.36732 2.51866 1.68361 1.96749 2.12405 1.52422C2.56449 1.08095 3.11363 0.76113 3.71651 0.596774C5.93586 0 14.8068 0 14.8068 0C14.8068 0 23.6778 0 25.8972 0.596774C26.5 0.76113 27.0492 1.08095 27.4896 1.52422ZM19.3229 10L11.9036 5.77905V14.221L19.3229 10Z"
/>
</svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</main>
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * The content above * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * is only a placeholder * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * and can be replaced. * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * End of Placeholder * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<router-outlet></router-outlet>
Analizaremos ahora de este trozo de HTML donde aparece el atributo 'title' de la componente:
<h1>Hello, {{ title }}</h1>
Cuando ejecutamos nuestra aplicación desde la línea de comandos de Node.js:
En el navegador aparece el contenido de la propiedad 'title':
Podemos ver que aparece el string 'proyecto001' y no {{ title }}:
title = 'proyecto001';
Este concepto de sustitución se llama interpolación y lo veremos en forma más profunda en el concepto siguiente.
Otro archivo que se asocia a la componente 'AppComponent' es 'app.component.css' donde se almacenan todos los estilos que se van a aplicar solo a dicha componente, es decir que quedarán encapsulados en la componente 'AppComponent'.
En la carpeta src del proyecto hay un archivo llamado 'styles.css' donde podemos definir estilos que se aplicarán en forma global a todas las componentes de nuestra aplicación:
Ya hemos nombrado los tres archivos fundamentales que definen toda componente:
app.component.ts app.component.html app.component.css
Queda uno llamado 'app.component.spec.ts' que tiene por objetivo definir código de testing para medir el correcto funcionamiento de la componente (dejaremos para más adelante este concepto)
Podemos acotar que en versiones anteriores a la 17 de Angular se creaba un archivo fundamental de módulos, pero ahora podemos crear aplicaciones sin la obligatoriedad de insertarlos en módulos.
Hay muchos más archivos y carpetas en el proyecto que nos crea Angular CLI pero iremos viendo su objetivo a medida que avancemos en el curso.